Fibrinogen Stimulates Macrophage Chemokine Secretion Through Toll-Like Receptor 4

Chemokine Secretion Through Toll-Like Fibrinogen Stimulates Macrophage

Cleavage of fibrinogen by proteinases elicits allergic responses through Toll-like receptor 4.

Proteinases and the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are essential for expression of allergic inflammation and diseases such as asthma. A mechanism that links these inflammatory mediators is essential for explaining the fundamental basis of allergic disease but has been elusive. Here, we demonstrate that TLR4 is activated by airway proteinase activity to initiate both allergic...

Calcineurin B stimulates cytokine production through a CD14-independent Toll-like receptor 4 pathway

The calcineurin B subunit (CnB) is the regulatory subunit of Cn, a Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase. In this study, we demonstrate that extracellular CnB was effectively internalized through a CD14-independent Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, which led to the phosphorylation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (IκB-α) and upregulation of pro-inflam...

Human intestinal epithelial cells express interleukin-10 through Toll-like receptor 4-mediated epithelial-macrophage crosstalk.

In the intestine, interaction between epithelial cells and macrophages (MΦs) create a unique immunoregulatory microenvironment necessary to maintain local immune and tissue homeostasis. Human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) have been shown to express interleukin (IL)-10, which keeps epithelial integrity. We have demonstrated that bacterial signaling through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 induces...

Leishmania pifanoi proteoglycolipid complex P8 induces macrophage cytokine production through Toll-like receptor 4.

The P8 proteoglycolipid complex (P8 PGLC) is a glyconjugate expressed by Leishmania mexicana complex parasites. We previously have shown that vaccination with P8 PGLC provides protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis in susceptible BALB/c mice. However, the biological importance of this complex remains unknown. Here we show that P8 PGLC localizes to the surface of Leishmania pifanoi amastigot...